Henry Jekylls Full Statement of the Case Essay Example for Free

Henry Jekylls Full Statement of the consequence EssayThe Strange field of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde was written in 1886 by Robert Louis St stock-stillson. The story derived from one of Stevensons many adult nightmares and raised questions unspoilt about Society and Religion that was debated by many people. The story was about the duality of man and how Dr. Jekyll tried splitting the replete(p) and worthless. A result of this was Mr. Hyde and his smooth evil personality. In the novel, the last chapter Henry Jekylls Full Statement of the Case answered many questions brought up earlier in the story. Dr. Jekyll is portrayed as a respected and distinguished, well brought up man at the beginning of chapter 10. This is clear in the language, he was fond of the respect of the wise and good among my missow-men, and with every guarantee of an honourable and distinguished future. These statements show us he has all the traits of a gentleman because it says good among my fellow men an d fond of the respect of the wise which meant he managed otherwise amply honourable men respecting him however he feels as though he already leads a double life. We see this in the haggling, I concealed my pleasures and I stood already committed to a found duplicity of life. This tells us that although he likes having he privileges of a gentleman he besides enjoys doing some(a)thing he cant, which would tarnish his reputation.Before he started the experiment Jekyll lead a respected and high life style of being respected by others and being well off and had a theory on good and evil. Jekyll studyd that man was made up of 2 personalities, one good and evil. This is clear in the text when Jekyll explains, That man is not truly one, notwithstanding truly two. He had a large sake in the duality of nature. He believed he could split everyones two personalities into two diametric people. Jekyll was excited by the idea of separating the two identities. This is apparent when he says I had learned to dwell with the pleasure, as a beloved daydream, on the thought of the separation of these elements he thought that by separating the two identities they would retard irritating severally other and he was excited by separating the two personalities because he says hed learned to dwell with the pleasureof the separation of these two elements. Therefore, this was Jekylls ultimate desire and he worked towards this ground-breaking experiment.Jekyll undertook the experiment to movement and split his two personalities and to prove that it was possible. He believed he could brew a potion that would make his good and evil side split into two. It is clear because Jekyll explains that he managed to meld a drug by which these business offices should be dethroned from their supremacy. He tells us that mixing the elements would combine their power and he thinks this allow split his two personalities into two different people. After he compounded the drug Jekyll hesitated t o take it because he knew it was a powerful drug and he risked death. This is proven in the statement I hesitated colossal before I put this theory to the test of pr practiseice.I knew well that I risked death Jekyll knew that he risked his life but was sure that he could do it and had faith in his theory of the dual personalities and duality of man. Once Jekyll finally takes the drug he describes the transformation as the most racking pangs succeeded a corrasion in the bones, deadly nausea, and a horror of the spirit that cannot be exceeded at the hour of birth or death. The way he described the feelings was excruciating disturb and that he imagined that you could only feel such pain at the hour of birth or death. This would of made the reader feel repel the reader but also excite them because they would want to k today what happens. A Victorian reader probably would find this very controversial and might be slightly pique by the words that are used.When Jekyll first became Hyd e he knew from the moment he dislodged that he was to a greater extent evil already, this is obvious in the words I knew myself, at the first breath of this new life, to be more wicked, tenfold more wicked. Although Jekyll knew that he was even more wicked as Hyde he seemed to have corroboratory feelings towards him. He felt as though when he was Hyde he was free and had no cares in the world. This is reflected in the words I looked upon that ugly idol in the glass, I was conscious of no repugnance, rather of a leap of welcome. Before the experiment Jekyll felt as though he already lead a double life and had to conceal his pleasures, but as Hyde he had someone in which he could unleash all his forbidden cravings and not have a conscience after doing so. Hed found a perfect solution.Jekyll could become Hyde by fetching a potion and Hyde could become Jekyll by reversing the potion. Jekyll believed that his experiment was all under control. However, as Hyde grew stronger it was prov en that he learned to control Jekyll. This is shown in the quote Yes, I had gone to bed Henry Jekyll, I had awakened Edward Hyde. How was this to be explained? I asked myself and then, with other bound of terror how was it to be reme break offd? Hyde was comely stronger then Jekyll and was beginning to control him, Hyde could pick and choose when he wanted to come out, and Jekyll had no control now. This also showed Jekylls panic and increasing lack of control because hed began to ask himself how he could keep control of Hyde.Due to Hydes strength becoming more powerful Jekyll decided to stop taking the potion hoping that it would stop Hyde forever. Jekyll was panicked that Hyde would take over forever. This is shown in the words the balance of my nature might be permanently overthrown, the power of voluntary change be forfeited, and the character of Edward Hyde become irrevocably mine and he had a difficult decision as he states To cast it in with Hyde was to die a thousand inte rests and aspirations, and to become, at a blow forever, despised and friendless. In these words it tells us if he was to stay as Hyde he would be giving up thousands of his dreams and goals in live and become friendless because no one liked Hyde. Due to the fact Jekyll was excite that Hyde would take over he had to make a decision whether he would stay as Jekyll or Hyde. His decision was thwarted by Hyde but his resolution to be rid of Hyde helps the reader empathise with Jekyll.Jekyll stop taking the drug hoping he would stay as Jekyll forever, however because Jekyll was taking the drug for so long he had become an addict and felt as though he could feel Hyde struggling for freedom and he took the drug once again after 3 months. This is clear in the words I began to be tortured with throes and longings, as of Hyde struggling after freedom and at last, in an hour of moral weakness, I once again compounded and swallowed the transforming draught. These words prove that Hyde was stru ggling to break free from Jekyll when Jekyll had stopped taking the potion and Jekyll was finding it hard to not take the drug, I know this because it says I began to be tortured. The words struggle, tortured and longings all suggest conflict between the two identities.By the end of the novel Jekylls feelings towards Hyde had turned completely opposite from what they were at the beginning. Hyde and Jekyll had a pure hatred for each other and it was as if they were both trying to make each others lives worse. This is clear from the words The powers of Hyde seemed to have grown with the sickliness of Jekyll. And certainly the hate that now divided them was equal on each side. This statement shows us how strong the hatred between both sides but also the power struggle because Hyde was becoming stronger the more he hated Jekyll. Again, it is shown in the words, The powers of Hyde seemed to have grown with the sickliness of Jekyll. Thus representing the imbalance of power between the tw o.Although Jekylls hatred for Hyde was strong he carried on taking it because he felt like he was addicted to it. At one point in the novel it describes Jekyll taking the drug to someone with an addiction like to alcohol. He says, I do not suppose that when a drunkard reasons with himself upon his vice, he is once out of five hundred magazines affected by the dangers that he runs through and through his brutish physical insensibility. Here Jekyll refers to himself as a drunk and says he cannot reason with himself because he feels as though the drug has already affected him. Therefore, because Jekyll is addicted to the drug, this is why he carries on taking it and he has no power or self respect anymore.When Jekyll says I fell into buckle downholding he means that Hyde has become stronger than him and has began to control him, making him take the drug and become Hyde more then he actually wants. Also at other times the drug has begun to control him because he is like an addict he ha s the feeling to want to take the drug all the time like and alcohol-dependent would want to drink alcohol. In a way we begin to feel sorry for him here but however, we know it is his fault for carrying on taking the potions just because he enjoys not having any cares and getting away with things.In the novel Hyde is a very powerful and dominant character. He has multiple characteristics throughout the story. He is described as so much smaller, slighter, and younger then Henry Jekyll. The physical description of him is very different from Henry Jekylls.However it also says that evil was written broadly and plainly on the face of the other. This tell us that Hyde may have been smaller and younger the Jekyll however he is much more evil.Hydes character is the complete opposite of Jekylls and is described as more wicked, a tenfold more wicked. This tells us that Hyde is ten times more wicked than Jekyll by using the word tenfold. This makes the reader concerned for what Hyde might do to Jekyll. As well Hyde is described as a man of stone this simile tells us that he has no emotions or feelings for others.In parts of the final chapter Hyde is referred to as unnatural. This is shown in the phrase something not only hellish but inorganic. Jekyll believes that is something that is not real, which is admittedly because he is not a real person, just something created from a potion. As well as being described as unnatural during the final chapter he is also referred to as an animal. This is proven in the statement a creature eaten up and emptied by fever. This phrase tells us that Hyde has traits of and animal by the way he acts and what he does, he acts as a savage animal in the wild when he kills innocent people.Hydes actions are disgraceful and evil throughout the novel. several(prenominal) of these actions are when he trampled a little girl in the street. Jekyll reflects by saying, An act of cruelty to a child aroused against me the anger of a passer-by. This act makes Jekyll angry at Hyde for being cruel to a child and this is clear because he describes it as an act of cruelty and he is also angry because he makes a passer by angry and it could tarnish Jekylls reputation if people found out they were connected in a way.Another one of Hydes actions was the stumble of Sir Danvers Carew. This criminal act is proven in the statement Some two months before the murder of Sir Danvers. These actions show that Hyde is pure evil and has no emotion and will do anything. His actions result in him having to go into hiding because people know that he killed Sir Danvers. The way he killed Sir Danvers Carew was described as, mauling the unresisting body this would of shocked and scared the reader because it would of created a disturbing imagery.Jekylls character is different from Hyde. Firstly, Jekyll is old and elderly this is proven when he describes himself as elderly in the novel. However, Hyde is the opposite and is young and carefree. I know this b ecause it says younger, lighter, happier. This shows that they are both opposites and this is what is meant when the author describes them as polar twins.Another way Jekyll is different from Hyde is that Jekyll has a conscience whereas Hyde doesnt. This is clear when Jekyll says, I was conscious even when I took the draught and in comparison Hyde says gloating on my crime. These statements prove that even though Hyde has done worse things than Jekyll, Jekyll seems to have more of a conscience. Although as well as having his own conscience, Jekyll seems to feel guilty for what he does when he is Hyde too. But, Hyde gloats at his crimes, therefore proving that he is immoral and not sorry for what hes done, this would of shocked and scared the Victorian reader.Also another difference between Jekyll and Hyde is that Jekyll becomes as Hyde becomes strong. I know this because of the statements sickliness in Jekyll and the powers of Hyde seemed to have grown. This proves that as Jekyll con tinued to take the drug he made Hyde stronger and it began to be a struggle between them both.Jekyll controlled the growth in Hyde because he carried on taking the potion because he had become an addict he carried on taking the drug which began to make Hyde come out more often, making him a lot stronger. I know that Jekyll became an addict to the drug because it says I fell into slavery by using the word slavery it tells us that Hyde was beginning to control Jekyll because the more he took the transforming draught the more he became a slave to Hyde. The result of not controlling the growth of Hyde was Hyde getting stronger and stronger and eventually Hyde begins to control Jekyll because he could come out whenever he wanted and this shows how Hyde gains power over Jekyll and through the novel it shows the constant power struggle.At the end of the novel Jekyll knows that his experiments have failed and has to face the consequences. I believe that Jekyll made sure he died by his selec tion before letting Hyde take over for good. By killing himself Jekyll made sure that he was technically killing Hyde and that he wasnt left free to do evil things once he finally took over Jekylls body and it was a matter of pride and doing what was right for others. Jekyll was very wise to do such a thing for others and at the end of the novel I believe that Jekyll didnt regret his experiments at all. Jekyll was foolish to meddle with the darker side of science and philosophy. However, he didnt deserve to die because he only wanted to try something new and succeed. If Jekyll hadnt done this experiment then some one else would have.After reading the whole novel, I believe that the final chapter is very important to the story. It answers to most questions that are raised earlier in the topic. For example, when Utterson saw Jekyll at the window and Jekyll ignored him we now know that he ignored him and went away because he must have been changing into Hyde. Another example of a quest ion being answered was why Lanyon was so shocked when he say Jekyll and never wanted to see him again, and this was due to him changing into Hyde in front of him. By seeing things from Jekylls perspective it gives us a clearer understanding of the power struggle between Hyde and himself and how Hyde eventually takes over.I would have liked to have seen at one point in the novel or final chapter some of Hydes viewpoint, but there wasnt and perhaps Victorian readers would of liked this too because then maybe it would of given explanations for why Hyde did some of the things he did. Hyde is seen from other peoples perspectives all the time and maybe if we were to have read something from his perspective, we might have seen reasons why he did some of the things he did. However I do believe that the final chapter was chance on to the novel and made everything much clearer to the reader.

Alice in Wonderland Essay Example for Free

Alice in Wonderland EssayIts almost impossible to set this story in the clock prison term and in the space because nearly all of it forms part of a dream Alice was actually tired and suddenly she felt asleep and began to dream. However, she didnt realize that whatever she saw in Wonderland was only a dream, a product of her fancy but not the reality. Anyway, we could say that there are two main stages the real world and Wonderland, the fictitious one. In Wonderland all is nonsense and strange, you dont know whats vent to happen in each situation. The real world only appears at the beginning and at the end of the story when she wakes up from her nap. Because of it, this world is not very important for readers and for Alice too, who prefers living in a world completely different from hers. Interesting and strange things only happen in Wonderland where everyone is mad. Moreover, there we can imagine a lot of different places where Alice spends her time like the rabbit-hole, t he house of the rabbit, the garden, the house of the Dukes. The time is not very clear because Alice thinks that she has spent a lot of time there, but all her adventures only last the time of her little nap. When you are sleeping you can believe that you have spent a lot of time dreaming and perhaps it has been no longer than fifteen minutes. She doesnt have any kind of time in Wonderland and everything happens all at once and very right away so that she didnt realize.

Development of Heat Resistant Chocolate

Development of Heat Resistant ChocolatePRALINEThe term burnt umber comes from the word cacao that is taken directly from Mayan andAztec languages. Chocolate has been derived from cocoa beans, present in the centre to the fruit of cocoa tree, Theobroma cacao, which originated from the South Ameri asshole region.(Afoakwa 2010)Chocolate is one of the most popular increases throughout the world. The fact that it is truehearted state at room temperature but melts in the mouth, giving a smooth delicate taste, makes it one of the most yearned product. From a more technical point of view, coffee is a complex feed made of solid particles of cocoa powder, sugar and milk powder in a continuous plenteous phase. The production of hot umber consists of multiple steps among which tempering be one of the most all-important(prenominal) step. During this the temperature of the coffee tree will be varied to get the right cryst tout ensembleine nisus of the fat.Chocolate pralines argon a lot more complex product since they also contain a softfilling which will interact with the coffee shell. Migration can happen from the filling to the shell which can result in structural damages like cracking.An different effect can be fat bloom which is a grayish haze on the praline surface.This occurs due to the migration of the liquefiable fat through the shell to the surface and crystallizing.Cracking and fat bloom ar two major issues that lead to reduced shelf life in chocolatepralines. The main suggestions for crack formation be that cracks form due to wet orethanol migration through the chocolate shell, or due to an unbalanced distribution ofmoisture in the filling that causes some parts to shrink and opposite to expand. (SLETTENGREN 2010)Most of the fat inside chocolate must be cocoa butter. burnt umber butter consists of different triacylglycerols (triglycerides), to each one of which will solidify at a different temperature and at a different speed in correlation with cartridge holder. To make it more complicated there are six different slipway the crystals can pack together.If the fat is present is not right or if the chocolate has not been crystalised properly, then fat bloom occurs. All fats are made of mixtures of triglycerides i.e. they sire three fatty acids attached to a glycerol backbone. In cocoa butter there are three main acids which greenback for over 95% of those present. Almost 35% is oleic acid (C180) and some 26% is palmitic acid (C160). Since the cocoa butter has few main components that it melts rapidly over much(prenominal) a small range of temperature range i.e. between room and mouth temperatures.POSt molecules are palmitic acid (P) in point 1, oleic acid (O) in position 2 and stearic acid in position 3. If the stearic and oleic acids are inverted then this would become PStO, which is quite atypical even though the constituents are similar.The stearic and palmitic acids are saturated acids i.e. the hydrocarbon chain w hich makes up the fat does not have any double bonds.In unsaturated fats this chain has one or more double bonds, as is the case for oleic acid. About 80% of the cocoa butter has oleic acid as the middle acid. 1% to 2% of cocoa butter has saturated long chain trisaturatedtriglycerides (SSS) where the saturated fat is mainly palmitic or stearic and the melt down point is high.From 5% to 20% on the other decease consists of two oleic acids and is mostly fluid at room temperature.When the above two have been combined then fat of the cocoa butter will be partially fluid at room temperature. If the temperature is raised fat will melt according to the proportions of the different types of fat present.The spot of to crystallize every time differently is known as polymorphism. As the structure becomes denser and gets lowered in energy, it becomes more stable and harder to melt. Polymorphic forms are solid phases of the same chemical slice that differ among themselves in crystalline str ucture but yield identical liquidity phases.Because of their shape the fat molecules fit together with other molecules like stacking chairs which can be do in two ways i.e. via double chain packing and triple chain packing. There are basically 3 polymorphs (,,) each with their own specific properties. The melting range and stability of the polymorphs are in the following range . The least stable polymorph will crystallize first and diversify to a stable polymorph as a function of time.Cocoa butter has six polymorphs. However the chocolate industry numbered them as I to VI. Forms V and VI are the most stable and are triple chain packing whereas the other forms are double. Form V is good for confectionary products as it is responsible for the stiffness with a good snap, glossy appearance and the resistance to bloom. (SLETTENGREN 2010)Mixing different fats (Fat eutectics)It is important that after mixing two or more fats the final product should sets at a suitable rate and has the correct texture and melting properties in the mouth. An unstable structure can form when other fats have been multiform with cocoa butter. Even though the fats are triglycerides it will be like fitting another size of chairs within the stacks. Disruption would be less if only a less amount of other fat is present. The actual hardness can be near to the expected one. When cocoa butter is mixed with vegetable or other fat in equal proportions then the s frequentlying effect is largest.The original vegetable fat made by Unilever and many other that are now in the market are known as cocoa butter equivalents. These are like cocoa butters and can be hurl in any proportion without causing any major softening or hardening effect. Other fats can be used only if almost all the cocoa butter is replaced and these are known as cocoa butter replacers.The vegetable fat should crystallise in the same way as cocoa butter (i.e. using the chair analogy, have the same size and shape chair) so that it can be added to the cocoa butter without causing eutectic effect. Cocoa butter contains palmitic (P), stearic (S) and oleic (O) on a glycerol backbone, with the majority of the molecules being POP, POSt, and StOSt.From nuts or seeds of fruits generally two types of fractionation are used to grasp the easy melting and the hardest melting fraction. In dry fractionation the fat is kept at a more predefined temperature and then by pressing and filtering the liquid part is separated from solid. In solvent fractionation the fat is dissolved in acetone or hexane. After this the higher(prenominal) melting triglycerides are crystallized and filtered out. The StOSt and the increased amounts of POSt are hard to obtain.By altering the proportions of StOSt it is possible to make the chocolate so that it will not melt until the temperature is several degrees higher than the normal cocoa butter, but cannot put behind the feeling of stickiness in the mouth. (SLETTENGREN 2010)LegislationIn June 2000, the European parliament agreed to permit the use of vegetable fat other than cocoa butter in chocolate. This directive came into force on August 2003 and for the first time, harmonised chocolate legislation across all the member states of Europe. A number of restrictions were placed on use of vegetable fat by the EU in terms of where oils should be sourced from, and what processing methods have to apply. To maintain miscibility and compatibility with cocoa butter (as is required by the EU Directive) it is necessary to use vegetable fats which contain a similarly high levels of these triglycerides. This means that a) these triglycerides would often need to be c at one timentrated by fractionating the permitted base oils and b) the resulting fats would be needed to blend together to get an optimum mix of the three triglycerides. Even though the CBEs show equivalence with the cocoa butter at all news reports but they have been restricted to a maximum level of 5% of the total com position in EU chocolate.(Geoff Talbot 2008)Development of Heat Resistant Chocolate using high melting fatChocolate generally melts at 33.8C when solid cocoa butter transitions to liquid and the crystals of cocoa butter are in stable form V. The development of heat resistant chocolate would allow it to be enjoyed in tropical and humid climates. Three main methods have been developed to make heat resistant chocolates enhancement of the microstructure of the materials, addition of a polymer and increasing the melting point of the fat phase. The approach that is used for the development of heat resistant chocolates for this thesis is to incorporate fats with higher melting points. (Stortz and Marangoni 2011) (Stortz and Marangoni 2011)One specific example of this was make by Jeyarani and Reddy (1999) and focused on using mahua (Mahua Latifolia) and kokum (Garcinia indica) fats to increase the melting point of cocoa butter blend. The kernels found in the fruits of mahua trees consist o f semi-solid fat. Conversely, kokum kernels contain a hard, toffy fat with a melting point 39-43 C. The oils are fractionated and then blended. After that these fats were evaluated for their ability to increase the melting temperature of and replace the fat phase in chocolate products. Fractionation were used to separate the stearin fraction from kokum and mahua fats because it was reported that addition of fats rich in 2-oleodistearins to cocoa butter can increase the solid fat essence (SFC) , increase the melting point and decrease the tempering time of chocolate.The meted successfully produced a fat phase that achieved higher SFCs at elevated temperature than conventional chocolate. However, once the temperature reached 37.5 C the SFC of most of the blended fats was less than 20% indicating that the heat resistance of the chocolate would be lost at temperatures higher than this. Another attempt was done to improve the heat resistance via replacement of some cocoa butter with kok um fat. Kokum fat was refined but not fractionated. It was blended with cocoa butter at different levels. The chocolate had good sensorial properties. However, the heat resistance of the chocolate was not as desired considering the melting temperature is only 34.8C with 5% inclusion of kokum fat. at long last , the chocolate formulas exceeded some countries legal limits for inclusion of NCVF.(Stortz and Marangoni 2011)Gel FillingHydrocolloidsHydrocolloids are a heterogeneous group of long chain polymers (polysaccharides and proteins) which are characterised by their property of forming viscous spreadings and/or mousses when dispersed in water. Presence of large number of hydroxyl (-OH) groups increases their affinity for binding water molecules which results in hydrophilic compounds. Further, a dispersion is produced which is modal(a) between a true solution and a suspension, and the properties exhibited are that of a colloid. Considering these two properties, they are aptly ter med as hydrophilic colloids or hydrocolloids.The important reason behind the ample use of hydrocolloids in solid intellectual nourishments is their ability to modify the rheology of food system. This includes the two basic properties of food system namely, flow behaviour (viscosity) and robotic solid property (texture). The modification of texture and/or viscosity of food system modify its sensory properties, and thus, hydrocolloids are used as important food additives to perform specific purposes.Hydrocolloids have a wide range of function. These include thickening, gelling, emulsifying, stabilisation, and controlling the crystal growth of ice and sugar through the basic properties for which hydrocolloids unwrap extensive use as thickening and gelling. Hydrocolloids disperse in water to give a thickening or viscosity producing effect. This water thickening property is general for all hydrocolloids and is the primary reason for their overall use.Gel formation is the phenomenon th at involves the connectedness or cross linking of the polymer chains to form a three dimensional web that traps or immobilises the water within to form a rigid structure that is resistant to flow. In other words, it becomes visco-elastic showing both the characteristics of a liquid and a solid. The textural properties (e.g. elastic or brittle, long or spreadable, chewy or creamy) of a gel vary widely with the type of hydrocolloid used. The other sensory properties much(prenominal) as opacity, mouth feel and taste also depend on the hydrocolloid employed. (Saha and Bhattacharya 2010)GelsGels may be defined as a form of matter intermediate between solid and liquid and show mechanical rigidity. They consist of polymer molecules cross linked to form tangled and interconnected molecular network immersed in a liquid medium, which in food system is water. Food technologists use the word gel for high moisture foods that are more or less preserve their shape when released from their cont ainer. A gel is a visco elastic system with a storage modulus (G) larger than the loss modulus G. Hydrocolloids form gels by animal(prenominal) association of their polymer chains through hydrogen bonding, hydrophobic association and cat ion mediated cross-linking and differ from synthetic polymer gels, which normally consisted of covalently cross-linked polymer chains. Hence hydrocolloid gels are often referred as physical gelThe knowledge of the conditions required for gelling of particular hydrocolloid dispersion, the characteristics of the gel produced and the texture it confers are very important aspects to design a specific food formulation.The formation of gel involves the association of randomly dispersed polymer segments in dispersion in such a way so as to form a three-dimensional network that contains solvent in the interstices. The associated regions known as stick zones are formed by two or more polymer chains. The gelation process is mainly the formation of these jun ction zones. Hydrocolloid gelation can engage the hierarchy of structures, the most common of which is the aggregations of primary inter chain linkages into junction zones, which forms the basis for the three-dimensional network characteristics of a gel. The physical placement of these junction zones within the network can be affected by various parameters like temperature, presence of ions and inherent structure of hydrocolloid. For the gelation of hydrocolloids, the three main mechanisms proposed are ionotropic gelation, cold-set gelation and heat-set gelation.Ionotropic gelation occurs via cross-linking of hydrocolloid chain with ions, typically a cation mediated gelation process of negatively charged polysaccharides. Ionotropic gelation is carried out either by diffusion setting or internal gelation. In cold set gelation, hydrocolloid powders are dissolved in warm/boiling water to form a dispersion which on cooling results in enthalpically-stabilised inter-chain curlicue to fo rm segments of individual chains leading to a three-dimensional network. Gelatine gel is formed by this mechanism.GelatinGelatin is substantially pure protein food ingredient, obtained by the thermal denaturation of collagen, which are the structural mainstay and most common protein in the animal kingdom. Today gelatine is usually available in mealy powder form. Ref websiteGelatin forms a thermo-reversible gels with water, and the gel melting temperature (Various factors affect the gel formation by hydrocolloids which include concentration of the gelling agent, pH of the medium, submarine sandwich mass/ degree of polymerisation, temperature, ionic composition and solvent quality. Rheological characteristics of gel involves characterizing a gel n the basis of various parameters like modulus of elasticity, yield tune, gazump modulus, storage and loss modulus, complex viscosity , gel strength and compliance. These parameters are usually determined by conducting tests like compressi on test, dynamic oscillatory rheometry, pinch and texture profile analysis, etc by employing instruments like universal texture measuring system, controlled shear rheometer.Addition of sucrose results in an increase of true rupture stress in all these gals. The gel sweetness is related with mechanical properties of gel like gel strength, rupture stress, rupture strain and particularly with the amount of aberration required to break the network and its resistance to deformation. Besides co-solutes like sucrose, concentration of hydrocolloid, shear rate and temperature are also important variables that influence the rheological billet of hydrocolloid gels. The blending of different polysaccharides offers an alternative route to the development of new textures. The major interest lies in the development of synergistic mixtures with improved or induced gelation.(Saha and Bhattacharya 2010)References.Afoakwa, E. (2010). chocolate science technology.Geoff Talbot, H. S. (2008). Cocoa b utter equivalents and improversTheir use in chocolate and chocolate-coated confectionery. Focus on Chocolate vol 19 n 3(May/June 2008) 28,29.Saha, D. and S. Bhattacharya (2010). Hydrocolloids as thickening and gelling agents in food a critical review. Journal of Food Science and engineering science-Mysore 47(6) 587-597.SLETTENGREN, K. S. (2010). Crack formation in chocolate pralines.Stortz, T. A. and A. G. Marangoni (2011). Heat resistant chocolate. Trends in Food Science Technology 22(5) 201-214.

Marketing plan for ananda himalayas

Marketing plan for ananda himalayasAnanda Himalayas is a trend setting concept in both trading and luxurious health club.ananda Himalayas is a dispel of IHHR Hospitality own by Mr Ashok Khanna.It is a luxurious health health spa situated in the tranquil Himalayan foothills, nested on a 100 acres estate surrounded by graceful Sal forests overlooking the river Ganges, close to the towns of Rishikesh Haridwar.Ananda Himalayas was established in 2000 its Indias first reference spa. it is a pathway to the ultimate, discovered finished the union of body, mind soul. it provides a dyspneic redefine lifestyles with the well-known traditional Indian wellness regime of Ayurveda,yoga and Vedanta.IT is considered to be cardinal of the best spa in the world and in like manner rated no.1 destination spa in the world by most of the travel agent as well as newspapers magazines(Travel and leisure).Ranked by top new thermalels of 2008by Conde nest traveller,76 hot spas across globe by travel leisure and 26 best business hotels in South ASIA.Mission and Vision StatementMission-to bring to pass a unique design result quip world class hospitality with a distinctive warmth and humility amend and innovate perpetuallyto crate exceptional value for people,their individuality and to their growthVISION-to be a world-class hospitality chain in Indiabenchmark in spa industryto bust a world-class spa institute in India practice session capacity of existing property as well as expending with more new properties.Ethos-E-empathyT-team soundH-honestyO-ownershipS-selflessnessCorporate objectives- change magnitude revenue from d m to 550.75 m.Reaching to 100% client satisfaction instead of 8.3 to 9.3%.Tar ascertaining profit from 45.64 to 58.42Taking staring(a) profit ratio to 12-15%.Mktg Objectives -Increasing revenue from 50% to 100%Achieving customer satisfaction and quality standards to 100%Increasing profit from 80% to 100%Increasing growth profit ratio from 12% to 1 5%(CIRRUS 01 SEP 2008).Mkt segmentation-Market Segmentation broadly identifies the potential commercialises from a general population for nonwithstanding refining and targeting. The grocery store segmentation for ananda Himalayas will be through with(p) on the two bases.1.geographic segmentation (it will contain both international and domestic commercialises)2.demographic segmentation.geographic SegmentationCountry of Origin of Guests in Rishikesh star hotelsCOMPOSITIONFive Star Deluxe and Five Star hotel%ASEAN2.4Australia2.1Canada1.6Carribbean0.6China3.4France2.0Germany6.6Japan3.2Middle eastern2.5Other European1.4Russia1.2SAARC1.0South Africa1.4UK8.4USA24.8Other37.4Total100(FHRAI, Indian Hotel Industry see 2008-2009)The table above shows the percentages of people from different p bentage that prefer staying in the five star deluxe and five star hotels in Rishikesh. According to this survey done by FHRAI, the number of touring cars from US(24.8%) is the maximum which is n oticeed by UK(8.4%) and Germany(6.6%) which moderate a marginal difference between them. These statistics clearly show us that there is a decent amount of tourists from The US for which we already admit a good market. Therefore, there is a ambit for targeting more people from UK and Germany. Though, we still cannot target a specific market with these statistics alone which will be done in the later partsDemographic SegmentationForeign tourist arrival in India on the bases of gender(FHRAI, Indian Hotel Industry Survey 2008-2009)For the year 2006, the percentage of extraneous male tourists was 57% against the female tourists which comprises of 36%. Whereas, there are 7% of the tourists which did not report and are missing from the stats. quasi(prenominal) is the case for the domestic tourists as well. The percentage of men travelling is slightly extravagantly than that of females all over India.Therefore, by evaluating all the data given above, we have chosen a differentiation ma rket segment method to specify the target markets. Our specific target market will beForeign business travellers from UK and GermanyDomestic tourists- leisure with high income (4.9% in all of India)Meeting ParticipantsTarget Market-Corporate- as this hotel is situated in a religious tourist place.Leisure- this can be the study target market as it is basically a health and wellness spa. it attracts tourists who fates to rejuvenate.Groups- groups improves sales as well as provides hotels a good market reputation and also capture major partake in of market.Positioning-Market PositioniningPerceptual Mapping Foreign Business Travellers priceyHigh ModerateService Ista .Less Expensive(naresh k.malhotra(marketing look into p-700)Domestic TouristsExpensiveHigh ModerateService ServiceIsta .Less Expensive(naresh k.malhotra(marketing research p-700)Key-findings for market positioning-If we take price and customer satisfaction ratio into consideration, Ananda has lower price than its competi tors and a good customer satisfaction but not the highest.If factors like differentiate reputation and value for money is considered than it has got the highest brand name.Corporate marketing strategy-objectivesStrategic tacticsImplementation periodrevenue500 m to 550.75mTie-up with the travel agencies.Air-line packagesCorporate ratesGroup ratesShould start from aprilShould start through out the yearCustomer relationship8.3m to 9.3mSet-up of mixed information centresStart from april and should continue through out the year.Total profit45.64m to 58.42mCutting down all unnecessary spendingsThrough out the years servicing percentage12-15%Add-on serve with packagesStart from aprilMarketing strategy-As per the product our hotel is offering,most of the facilities are delivered directly.to make it more successful we need to promote our product in market to increase market share.this can be done through various channels of advertising(travel agency,media advertising).As our target marke t is collective and foreign clients so for this we need to tie up with prospective business to enhance the sale.hotel is in the growth level as per product life cycle,but due to niche the market share percentage has gone down.to come out of this,we are going to use the differentiationmarketing strategy.in this,the focus will be on different market segment with competitive price and product with quality service.An some other reason is our target market is divided into small segmentations so,can easily increase our market share through these segmentations.our brand strategy is to provide high level of services and customer satisfaction with low rates and first objective is to increase the market share.The marketing mix strategy is based upon the two ps factors.we consider price and product.our aim is to provide different experience than other hotels and increase market share by establishing the brand value with in the customers.Markets Ansoffs matrixExisting NewProducts Products3.pr oduct development1.Market Penetration ExistingMarkets4.diversification2. Market DevelopmentNewThe Ansoffs Matrix shows four different ways of marketing. It is basically a combination of four similar but different things. Existing Products and new products ,and, existing markets and new markets. In the case of the hotel ananda, we are going to follow the two methods that are Market Penetration and Market Development as shown in the figure above. We already have a product with us and we do not plan to create or add something new to our product line. Our plan is to enter get along into the markets that we are already in. As explained earlier, we plan to increase our market share within the same market and try to pee the customers who fall in the same house but different profiles.The second plan is to create new markets with our existing product to offer the customers. In this case we have planned to create a new target market in the form of the domestic tourist which comes for purpo se of leisure and holidaying. This is being done because according to the research that we have done in the beginning it shows us the scope of the domestic tourists. Another reason that supports this strategy is that we also have the right kind of product offering for this market. cypher-Financial Report Percentage of Revenue (2008-2009)HotelsanandaGrand hyattsheratonsVivanta(taj)Occupied Rooms Hotel33,69922,20638,72939,828Occupancy percentage55.4%63.4%66.7%65.7%Rate per room$209.59$220.09$203$186.59Room Revenue65.20%66.8%63.9%55.7%F B Revenue23.5%20.8%26.3%31.4%Banquet conferences6.6%9.2%2.0%9.7%other4%2%7%3%Total100%100%100%100%Imp- subject to further researchEvaluation of marketing plan for ananda Himalayas-Objective Increasing customer satisfaction level from 6.2 7.5Key Performance Indicator Customer Satisfaction Surveys oftenness of Evaluation periodicalObjective Increasing Revenue from 500m 550.75m.Escalating profit from 45.64m 58.42mKey Performance Indicator Revenue Rep ort, Financial AuditFrequency of Evaluation yearlyObjective Growing profit ratio 12.00% 15%Key Performance Indicator Monthly Revenue reports, Cash flowFrequency of Evaluation MonthlyNote (subject to further research)Contingency plan-In the event that purposeed marketing plan measures prove to be in executionive or below threshold succeeding(a) measures are suggestedency plan-1. PRICE+PROMOTION start with new products along with wellness packages.2. PRODUCT +PLACE cant change the product services.3. PROCESS+ quite a little Can stick to same old training methods) only to 10% of stock per store.4. Cost cutting and cost management regards to budgeting and investment plans.The product offerAnanda, Himalayas offers a comfortable and contemporary rooms with a beautiful view of landscape grounds.this hotel has 21,000 square feet spa(only one in India).all rooms are designed with a high level of comfort and as per the need of nodes.Along with rooms this hotel offers a range of packa ges that includes scheduled aerobics,hiking trips in the foothills of Himalayas,meditation and yoga classes,wellness and treatment packages,cooking classes etc.this hotel has 75 deluxe rooms,5 suites and 3 villas.all rooms are equipped with all modern amenities.Pricing strategies-Pricing inevitably to be decided as plays a very vital authority in hotel growth.every hotel has a set target and goal,due to inlet prices have come down. rate rationalization is the biggest change afterwards recession.Penetrating pricing strategies following this strategies would helper ananda hotel to capture more portion of market share. In this strategy ananda hotel would be offering guests competitive rates with best standards of service which could be given in same class of hotel. Following penetrating pricing strategies would help ananda strengthening its position in market and establishing its brand name among customers. Penetrating pricing strategies would give elasticity to demand.Competition based pricing strategies Keeping an close eye on every step of your competitor is very essential, specially pricing strategies. legal injury is the only factor which would play prime role in attracting customers. Competition based pricing basically means pricing according to your competitors and try cock-a-hoop better or something unique to them which would be our unique selling point of business. Competition based pricing will help ananda to fight competition and establish its market.Promotion-Corporate and commercial ratesAir-lines packagesCorporate packagesGroup discounted ratesOff-season special packagesOn-line dealsPromotional spa packagesAnanda place in tourism organization-Ananda is a hospitality service provider in destination. Destination is composed of different elements that together make up a destination mix. Basic parts of destination mix are facilities, attraction, infrastructure, transportation and hospitality service provider commonly utilize as acronym FAITH (W eaver Lauton 2005).Ananda is an established name in hospitality service sector, just because of rescission it lost its market share and profit started declining. To revive from the situation of rescission ananda need to establish cordial relation with other component of Destination Mix. It has seen that hospitality service provider cant alone make tourist experience better of visiting place. The hospitality service provider needs to work in coordination with other component so that tourist can get better services and he is satisfied with hospitality given to him. For interpreter- Guest comes from united kinghdom to attend seminar or companys adjoining when he would arrive airport first thing he would require would be transportation to hotel, after reaching hotel he would require facilities that would support his travel purpose. If guest would be getting all these facilities without hassle he would be a satisfied guest and repeat guest in future or guest commercially important pers on for hotel(CIP) for hotel who could give more business to hotel in near future.We would suggest ananda to apply push strategy. This strategy involves pushing the product through distribution channel to final consumer. Push strategy will induce distribution channel to put more effort for selling the hotels room and service as they would be having personal motive or interest that is profit or focussing from hotel by doing so. Using push strategy will help ananda hotel to increase scope of capturing more market because by choosing distribution channel we could giganticn scope of advertisement and promotion of our products. For vitrine hotel ananda could give lucrative offers to travel agent like 10% of room cost as commission in auxiliary to their normal commission for booking. A push strategy provides an incentive for channel member to promote product to their customer or push product through distribution channel (Kotler, Bowen., Makens2006 pg 561).People-OrientationCultureChang eInternal marketingProcess-Process ananda hotel is using is based on technology and e-marketing. physiological evidence-Brand image related to vision position.Environment-The situation analysis that can be done for the hotel will include all the external factors which have an effect on the working of the hotel. These external factors can be studied by the help of PESTEL (political, economic, social, technological, environmental, legal) analysis and how these factors affect the working of the hotel. It is a strategical planning technique that provides a useful framework for analyzing the environmental pressures on a team or an organization. (Edmonstone, Havergal, 1999).Political Environment this includes all the government policies, the laws in which the hotel has to deal and the pressure groups which affect the hotel performance. The Political instability such as tax rates and other matters like the policies and rules with which the hotel is concerned. The hotel has to be in the p arameters of govt policies and have to follow all the rules and regulations.Economic EnvironmentThis environment mainly deals with the money capacity of the consumer.this plays a vital role in deciding the promotion or downslope of the hotel business.The economic meltdowns lead to a downfall in the tourism sector, leading to a drop in the business of the hotel. The economy has started to improve and the international corporate travelers who form the major part of the target market of the hotel have once again started to come to the hotel. The economy will need some time to improve and this time can be utilized to make new marketing strategies which will attract more such travelers and suits their needs as well.Socio-Cultural EnvironmentIt includes behaviors, perceptions, choices and the determine of various individuals who constitute the society. This part includes both the employees and the society in which the hotel is working. The hotel needs to keep proper care of its employee s and their needs in order to achieve high standards of work. The hotel also has some social responsibilities. The hotel can social events, the earnings of which can go for charity, it can also have an effective disposal system for garbage, urine and gases which may help in maintaining a healthy environment for the society around it.Technological EnvironmentThese factors act as the facilities in the hotels and are also the main aspects which help in the differentiation of one property to another. The ananda hotel has all the modern technologies being used forthe spas compared to other hotels. The hotel can always come up with some innovative ideas to place itself at a better position than its competitors.Natural EnvironmentThe natural environment does not have much effect on the business of the hotel as anada,Himalayas situated in the beautiful landscape of Himalayas with natural and pollution free environment. This factor effects only when the marketers can use it for the promotio n of the hotel.Legal EnvironmentThis part includes the various rules and the policies that the hotel needs to follow in order to run the operations efficiently. These legal issues include the payment of taxes, big(p) proper remuneration to the staff, following of the legal government policies and others. Tax paid by tourists in India is the highest in the world, Indian hotels charge about 40% taxes compared to other Asian countries where it varies between 3% and 6%. (World travel and tourism council, 2010). Such factors as mentioned above shows the different legal requirements that are expected to be fulfil by the hotel.Proposed Environmental Scanning System for anada,Himalayas hotelEnvironmental FactorSource of InformationPerson ResponsibleFrequencyCompetitorsNewspapers lag/ precautionDailyGuestsStaffDailyMagazines directionWeekly cyberspaceStaff/ ManagementWeeklyAnnual ReportsManagementYearlyCustomersCustomer feedbackStaffDailyStaffManagementWeeklyTravel agentsManagementMonthly Regular guestsStaff/ ManagementMonthlyInternetStaff/ ManagementWeeklyEconomicEconomic newslettersManagementWeeklyNews papersManagementWeeklyInternetManagementWeeklyAverage room ratesAccountant/ ManagementDaily end sheetsAccountant/ ManagementYearlyInternetManagementMonthlyTechnologiesTrade magazinesManagement/ Department headsMonthlyTrade showsAccountant/ ManagementYearlyInternetManagementMonthlyNewspapersManagementWeeklyTelevisionManagementDailyThe above mentioned three key areas need to be followed for the purpose of the environmental scanning.The hotel became one of the top rated hotels in the rishikesh, but due to the recession in late 2008 most of the business was lost. The above mentioned SWOT and PESTEL analysis, if followed properly, will help the business to reach high levels of business and market share.Service Concept/productivity-Anada,Himalayas could get competitive advantage if, they properly plan and implement their supporting products. They must meet customers needs and expectation, to overbeat their competitors (Hertneneky, B,P.2006. p.g 281). In this critical stage of reviving from rescission, ananda hotel should not only concentrate on providing core product or basic product that would be nutrient, shelter, and safety of guest. They should look upon providing augmented or supporting products, which are very important for delivering quality service and meeting expectation of guest. The augmented product includes accessibility, atmosphere, customer interaction with service organization, customers participation and customer interaction with each other (Kotler, Bowen., Makens2006 pg 307). Augmented product is important to be understood because it tells what is delivered and how is to be delivered. ananda hotel have to work seriously upon this service concept of augmented product because these product have huge impact on guest and will help to capture major portion of markets, by customer satisfaction which is key element in hospitality industry .Facilities we are providing are-Wi-Fi internet access ananda hotel can provide Wi-Fi anytime anywhere, whether in-room, by the pool or in other public areassleep comfort ananda hotel can provide ergonomically designed beds and a pillow menu with a wide range of comfort pillows.Business Centre High speed internet access and board room style meeting rooms.Spa 21,000 square feet spa with all the required equipments.Pool Fitness Centre ananda hotel is giving temperature controlled swimming pool for all seasons, state of the art gymnasium with personal trainers.Tailor-made food-ananda provides food as per the customer body type and famous for cooking without oil.food is inspired by ancient times and active with natural ingredients.Organisation-The best part about anand,Himalayas is its staff as all staff is between the age of 21 to 35,customer oriented,friendly,well versed with the knowledge of therapies.they should have this kind of staff only as customer should feel at home and comf ortable only than they will be able to enjoy the treatment.strategy-Advertisement it is one of the major promotional tools which can be used by hotel anada,Himalayas for promotion of their products and services. Advertisement could be one the very successful tool which can be used for change magnitude market share. If advertisement is well positioned and planned it could help to overcome competition and help to revive from recession (Jhon,L.2009.p.g 6). Various form of advertisement which is used for promoting its products and services could be1.Internet This is one of the most widely used medium through which hotels can promote its product and services. It could be very effective in promoting products and services.2.Printed Media For example magazine, journals and news papers. This is very useful because it would help promoting product among corporate clients and corporate employee.3.Visual Media For example television, this is said to be very effective as it gives both optic a nd audio effect to guest. They can actually feel the product or services.4.Sales promotion They attract consumer attention and provide information that may lead the consumer to acquire the product. Ananda can use sales promotion tool as to get quicker and stronger response from consumer. Various sales promotion tools which can be used could be5.Promotional letters to existing guests ananda hotel can send promotional letter which includes lucrative discount offers, and various packages at discounted rates. This strategy would help ananda from recovering from recession and capturing more shares in market.Distributional StrategyDistributional strategies which can be used by hotel ananda for capturing market share and overcome competitors could be-1.Trade Show This could be very effective in distributing of products and service because trade shows are being attended by various travel agents and travel tour operator. This would help them to make up cordial relation with them, in retur n of that we could business from them.2.Exhibitions these are very important in distribution of the hotels product and services as during exhibition hotel managers could get chance to interact with other hotel managers and managers of other companies to whom they could explain their product or service which could help in increasing sales revenue.3.Airlines magazines in airlines and airline companies could be important source for distribution of product and services of hotel.4.Corporate Companies Relation with corporate companies and advertisement in corporate magazine could help in promoting hotels product services. nerd analysisStrengths-Location- situated in the green lush of Himalayas with natural flora and fauna.Heritage propertySpa- the only hotel with 21,000sq feet spa and first spa hotel in the country.Cuisine-food prepared is different from routine preparation and individually designed as per the body type and cooked without oil.Weakness-Cost- rooms are extremely expensive a nd not meet to domestic traveller.Limitations-hotel mainly offers spa and wellness packages ,limited to a less part of the society.Opportunities-Govt support- attract tourists with new promotional schemes which results in higher outbound tourists.Common wealthiness games- as games to be held in 2010,will be a boom for the industry.Aviation hospitality- both with joint venture helps in increasing travellers by offering sixpenny packages.Threats-RecessionCompetitors-many small hotels opened near about with cheap yoga n spa packages and it can reduce the rate of visitors to ananda.Natural hazards-like fire,flood etc.Cheap airlines packages-customer want to go international after international air fair falls down.Political issues-like service tax,labour union policies etc.Key-findings for Ananda Himalayas-biggest strength of Ananda Himalayas right now is its brand reputation being only spa in India(which is 50%)although it has to improve on weaknesses and less productivity than its competitors.At the same time,can increase the sale or mkt share with an increase in number of people who want relaxation and better health(as it is health and wellness industry).

Effect of Social Capital on Democracy

Effect of Social Capital on DemocracyCritically rate the apprehension of fond capital? What advantages, if any, does it collide wither the instruction of body politic?IntroductionSince the 2001 general election much academic debate has centred on voter calmness as the lowest turnout, especially among the young, led many to posit a crises in democracy (Russell, 2005 555). Various theories have attempted to explain the problem as either the get out of a life-cycle argument, whereby the youngest atoms of society argon always less likely to vote but as they age own houses and mortgages, and pay taxes they suffer more concerned with politics and more likely to vote (Denver in Russell, 2005 556) or a generational effect whereby at that place is an overall decline in active citizenship (Park in Russell, 2005 556). Against this background the work of Robert Putnam appeared to strike a chord. In his influential Bowling Al mavin the Collapse and Revival of Ameri enkindle Community (2000)1, and associated articles, Robert Putnam transferred the pattern of social capital from sociology into the realm of politics, arguing that increasing individualism had resulted in the decline of lodge ties and political participation (Russell, 2005 557), undermining good governance.In the first section I provide an outline of social capital as it was originally formulated by the French sociologist capital of South Dakota Bourdieu, in the second I specific the concepts move from sociology to political science in the work of Putnam. My contention is that in the process of adapting social capital, Putnam changes the meaning of the term and thus undermines its usefulness to the study of democracy that whereas for Bourdieu it was a property held by individuals, in Putnams account it is held by collectives. Also, that although Bourdieu believed that social capital was exchangeable with economic capital but non reducible to it, Putnam relies on a clear economic understanding o f the term. Finally, that Putnams use of the term is essentially neo-liberal, whereas for Bourdieu social capital is ultimately about post relations. In the conclusion assess the usefulness of the term to political science and the study of democracy in light of this conceptual drift.Pierre Bourdieu and the Forms of CapitalPierre Bourdieu (1930-2002) originally developed his speculation of cultural capital as part of an attempt to explain class-based differentials in educational achievement. His theory has five main features, the different forms of capital cultural, social and economic, and the concepts of the field and habitus. For Bourdieu capital is best defined as accumulated labour and has the potential to reproduce (Bourdieu, 1986 241) it is this ability of capital to reproduce that leads Bourdieu to bring to an end that it is part of the structure of society that shapes individual life chances it is the set of constraints, inscribed in the very reality of that world deter mining the chances of success for practices (Bourdieu, 1986 242). Social Capital, for Bourdieu, refers to the lucre of connections that an individual enjoys which produce and reproduce lasting, useful relationships that can secure material or symbolic profits (Bourdieu, 1986 249) the amount of social capital that an individual can draw upon is thus dependant on the number of people in their social network and the amount of capital cultural, economic or social possess by those so included. Both cultural and social capitals are therefore rooted in, without being determined by, the possession of economic capital all cardinal interact to hide the way that social hierarchies are reproduced. Finally, the three forms of capital combine to produce a persons habitus, or set of predispositions whilst the field refers to the arena in which a specific habitus is realised. Thus we can see that for Bourdieu not only was the concept of social capital embedded in relations of situation (Burket t, 2004 236), it was also part of a complex theory that sought to explain the social reproduction of inequality.Bourdieus theory has been criticized as being essentialist and deterministic for John Frow (1995) it is essentialist in that Bourdieu posits a single class experience common to the sociologically quite distinct groups he includes in the dominant class (Frow, 1995 62) that an individuals class position makes them what they are, he reads off both working and middle class culture from their class position, resulting in an essentialist reading of the aesthetic (Frow, 1995 63). Bourdieus theory can also be viewed as deterministic, as individuals predispositions are posited as being the direct result of their class position, entailing a denial of individual agency. Further, much(prenominal) a class-based analysis can lead one to minimize the set up of other forms of differentiation, such as gender, ethnicity and age. However, Bourdieus use of the term capital is both metaphori c and materialistic and can be viewed as similar to power although convertible with economic capital, social capital is not reducible to it (Bourdieu, 1986 243). Also, Bourdieu argued that the social capital possessed by an individual is a result of their enthronization strategies via a continuing series of exchanges in which recognition is endlessly affirmed and reaffirmed (Bourdieu, 1986 250). Finally, Bourdieu argues that social inequalities become part of the very bodies and predispositions of the individual finished his concept of habitus (McNay, 1999 99), not as a principle of determination but as a generative structure (McNay, 1999 100) returning autonomy to the individual his theory is able to transcend determinism it is an open system which allows for social change (McNay, 1999101). In summary, for Bourdieu social capital is ultimately about the way that power works through society, and is concerned with the life chances of individuals. Further, the wider theory, especial ly the concept of the habitus, is useful for theorists who seek to explain patterns of behaviour, including community participation and levels of voting.Robert Putnam Social Capital and DemocracyRobert Putnams argument may be summarised as being that the decrease in participation in voluntary organisations has undermined the effectiveness of good governance that successful and healthy democracies and economies are those possessing dense webs of community participation (Walters, 2002 377). In so arguing, Putnam transferred the concept of social capital from sociology into the realm of political science, arguing that increasing individualism, the anonymity of urban living (Russell, 2002 557), and the negative effects of television (Putnam, 1995 75 Walters, 2002 380), have resulted in the decline of community ties and political participation (Russell, 2002 557) and thus a decline in social capital. Similar debates were effectuate within the British context, as were calls for a revival of participation and stakeholder values (Walters, 2002 377). Arguing that a range of issues including drugs, crime, unemployment, development, education and political performance (Walters, 2002 379), and the effectiveness of democracy itself (Putnam, 1995 66) would benefit from a resurgence of voluntary associations, Putnam therefore calls for a reinvigoration of community participation (Walters, 2002 377) as members of associations are much more likely than non-members to participate in politics, to spend time with neighbours, to express social corporate trust (Putnam, 1995 73). Defining social capital as features of social organisation such as networks, norms, and social trust that facilitate coordination and cooperation for mutual benefit (Putnam, 1995 67), Putnam argued that not only has the post-war period witnessed a decline in participation in voluntary associations, but that such rank is now increasingly tertiary that the only act of membership consists in writing a check f or dues or perhaps occasionally reading a newsletter (Ibid. p. 71). Putnam argues that this declining membership, and the increasingly tertiary nature of remaining membership, represents a significant erosion of American social capital (Ibid. p. 73) and, as such, undermines democracy.However, Putnams use of the term is markedly different from that of Bourdieu whereas in Bourdieus conception social capital was held by the individual (Walters, 2002 387), for Putnam social capital is held by collectives (Ibid. p. 379), further, it is difficult to see how there can be a reduction in social capital, rather than a qualitative change in its composition. William Walters (2002) argues that Putnams use of the concept differs from Bourdieus in some other key respect whereas for Bourdieu social capital, although transferable with economic capital, is not reducible to it (Bourdieu, 1986 243), Putnam assumes a self-maximising individual for whom associative activity can, under certain circumstan ces, be an investment (Walters, 2002 379, my emphasis). Rather that discussing the social capital of individuals embedded within relations of power, for Putnam social capital implies a learning mechanism that is more economic that socio-psychological (Ibid. p. 387), and as such represents an extension of the economic metaphor in order to convince us that society is self-governing (Ibid. p. 391) by using social capital in this way, individuals are made responsible for good governance now conceived as a horizontal space of multiple communities (Ibid. p. 388) adding the discourse of the civic and uncivic to the list of divisions by which prescriptive judgements are naturalised (Ibid. p. 392). Thus for Putnam social capital is simultaneously cause and effect (Ibid. p. 380). Further, rather than situating the individual within a web of power relations, Putnam relies on the atomised individual of neo-liberalism (Burkett, 2004 236). Finally, whilst this author agrees that society benefit s when individuals participate in voluntary organisations, Putnam assumes a think between such involvement and an improved performance for democracy, yet this link remains to be clearly, empirically, demonstrated (Freitag, 2006 124). Such an argument also undermines the role of government in shaping civil society (Walters, 2002 380) and in shaping social capital (Freitag, 2006128), and as such can only provide a skewed picture of the link between community participation and the functioning of democracy.In ConclusionIn conclusion, we can see that in the process of adapting social capital to the realm of political science, Putnam changes the meaning of the term that whereas for Bourdieu it was a property held by individuals, in Putnams account it is held by collectives. Also, that although Bourdieu believed that social capital was exchangeable with economic capital he believed it was not reducible to it, whilst Putnam relies on a distinctly neo-liberal, economic understanding of the term that whereas for Bourdieu the individual and therefore their social capital resources are ultimately concerned with relations of power, Putnam utilises an atomistic and self-maximising conception of the individual (Walter, 2002 386) compound in building networks of self-governance (Walters, 2002 388) and one wonders if such an argument may, in part, justify the rolling back of the state. Finally, that the use of the term in political science rests on the assumption of a link between membership of voluntary organisations and political participation, but this link remains to be empirically proven. Indeed, Markus Frietag argues that it is political institutions that matter, that there are in fact three political prerequisites for collective social capital institutional provision for direct democracy, respect for minorities and outsiders as part of consensus building, and a degree of local autonomy (Frietag, 2006 145). Ben Fine argues that academia has become subject to a social c apital fetish (in Burkett, 2004 234) that its now weak conceptualisation means that social capital can be virtually anything (Burkett, 2004 238). He is also concerned that, too often, social capital is in fact originally participation from below imposed from above (in Burkett, 2004 243) perhaps we should be wary that calls for increased social capital are not simply calls for a masturbation of state responsibility.BibliographyBourdieu, Pierre (1986) The forms of Capital in Handbook of surmise and Research for the Sociology of Education, London Greenwood Press, pp. 241-258.Burkett, Paul (2004) Book Review Social Capital versus Social Theory Political Economy and Social Science at the Turn of the Millennium by Fine, Ben (London Routledge) in Historical Materialism, Vol. 12, No. 1, pp. 233-246.Freitag, Markus (2006) Bowling the State Back In Political Institutions and the Creation of Social Capital in European Journal of Political Research, Vol. 45, pp. 123-152.Frow, John (1995) Ac counting for Tastes Some Problems in Bourdieus Sociology of Culture in pagan Studies, Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 59-73.McNay, L (1999) Gender, habitus and the Field Pierre Bourdieu and the Limits of Reflexivity in Theory, Culture Society, Vol. 16, No. 1, pp. 95-117.Putnam, Robert (1995) Bowling Alone Americas Declining Social Capital, An reference with Robert Putnam in Journal of Democracy, Vol. 6, No. 1, pp. 65-78.Russell, Andrew (2005) Political Parties as Vehicles of Political Engagement, Parliamentary Affairs, Vol. 58, No. 3, pp. 555-569.Walters, William (2002) Social Capital and Political Sociology Re-imagining Politics? Sociology, Vol. 36, No. 2, pp. 377-397.1Footnotes1 New York, N.Y. Simon Schuster.

Sexism in Othello Essay -- Othello essays

Othello the Unquestionable Sexism Shakespe atomic number 18s tragic drama Othello features sexism as regular fare initially from Brabantio and Iago, and finally from Othello. let us in this essay explore the occurrences and severity of sexism in the drama. In Historical Differences Misogyny and Othello Valerie Wayne implicates Iago in sexism. He is one who is almost incapable of every other perspective on women than a sexist one Iagos worry that he cannot do what Desdemona asks implies that his dis evaluate of women was candid and easily produced, while the praise requires labour and inspiration from a source beyond himself. His insufficiency is more surprising because elsewhere in the play Iago appears as a master rhetorician, entirely as Bloch explains, the misogynistic writer uses rhetoric as a means of renouncing it, and, by extension, woman. (163) Even the noble general yielded to the sexist remarks and insinuations of his ancient, thus developing a lamentable attitude toward his lovely and faithful wife. Angela Pitt in Women in Shakespeares Tragedies comments on the Moors sexist treatment of Desdemona Desdemona has, therefore, some quite serious faults as a wife, including a will of her own, which was evident even before she was married. This does not mean that she merits the terrible accusations flung at her by Othello, nor does she in any way merit her death, but she is partly responsible for the tragic action of the play. Othellos behavior and mounting jealousy are made more comprehensible if we remember what Elizabethan husbands might expect of their wives. (45) In the opening scene, while Iago is expressing his hatred for the general Othello for his selection... ...reason to the same extent, or even greater than, men and that men are passion-driven moreso than are women. The tables are turned on sexism at the very climax of the drama WORKS CITED Jorgensen, Paul A. William Shakespeare The Tragedies. Boston Twayne Publishers, 1985. Pit t, Angela. Women in Shakespeares Tragedies. Readings on The Tragedies. Ed. Clarice Swisher. San Diego Greenhaven Press, 1996. Reprint from Shakespeares Women. N.p. n.p., 1981. Shakespeare, William. Othello. In The Electric Shakespeare. Princeton University. 1996. http//www.eiu.edu/multilit/studyabroad/othello/othello_all.html No line nos. Wayne, Valerie. Historical Differences Misogyny and Othello. The Matter of Difference Materialist Feminist Criticism of Shakespeare. Ed Valerie Wayne. Ithaca, NY Cornell University Press, 1991.

The Psychometric Test and the Employee Selection Process Essay examples

The Psychometric Test and the Employee Selection ProcessMost employers want the perfect fit for any position va piece of asst forrecruitment. They always persist to want the best man suitable for thejob, technically and interpersonally. The common ways of recruiting anemployee is by application forms, curriculum vitae, and interviewingsessions. Most candidates are polite at interviews in force(p) to put acrossa good impression to the interviewer. Just interviewing someone isnot enough to know if you have the right person for the job. Abilitycan be relatively easy to assess through interviewing and skills running gameing. Testing interpersonal skills is another issue. To reduce therisk of hiring the wrong person, the affair of psychometric psychometric testing hasbeen take by more and more organisations to increase the validityand reliability of the recruitment process.Psychometrics is the application of the objective, scientificmeasurement and mathematics to psychology. It refer s top the testingof cognitive of mental functions and personality and the analysis ofresult. The psychometric test covers a lot of tests used to assess acharacters strength or weakness providing accurate profiles of thesuitability for a position. Psychometric means measurement of themind. The Psychometric test is a way of assessing an individualsability or personality in a measured and structured way. Also, apsychometric test could be said to be any standardized procedure formeasuring sensitivity or memory, or intelligence or aptitude as wellas personality. Psychometric tests are one measure by which anemployer can discriminate against individuals in the fillingprocess. The tests are often presented in a multiple guess form,either paper or electronically based. There are two types of thepsychometric test. They take. Aptitude/Skills Test- This depends on the nature of the job that has been applied for. This type of test could be numerical or verbal reasoning, spatial awareness or represented reasoning. They are often time constrained.. Personal Questionnaire- this type of test is used to access the certain personal qualities required of the candidate.Psychometric testing does have historical value to add to the optionprocess. However, it is not limited to the recruitment phase. Manyorganisations have seen the benefit of psychometri... ...ers for the questions. . As the assessment is not a 100% accurate, at that place may be little or no correlation between the candidates answers and the way he carries out the job.In conclusion, Psychometric test is versatile and can be used as anaid for personnel selection and recruitment, career guidance, careerdevelopment, team building and personal development. Psychometrictest is used by a vast number of large and small companies whoappreciate its cost effectiveness when compared to the hard soft andhuman cost of selection errors. Psychometric tests, although a usefulselection tool to implement, have many flaws and in order to be validmust be carried out in a strict and controlled manner in order for anorganisation to make the right choice when seeking to recruit anindividual into an organisational role.Research now shows that, in comparison with selection by normalinterviewing techniques, the use of supporting psychometric testingcan significantly improve the match between the individuals and thejob.The growing use of psychometric testing in selection and assessmenthas to some extent outpaced the level of sophistication and knowledge.